ECON 101:
US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
I had made Ryukyu into a separate section because Ryukyu was the only place where the Chinese emperors had exported peasant labor and agriculture technology in the same fashion as German farmers' relocation to Russia at the request of Katherine the Great. This is different from Han Emperor Wudi's dispatching farming soldiers to western China during Western Han Dynasty. Still another purpose of this writing is to dispute the ancient term of "liu-qiu" [in "Sui Shu" (History of Sui Dynasty)] as categorical term of islands in the seas and to validate the point that "liu-qiu" [Ryukyu] was not necessarily Taiwan, but Ryukyu [Okinawa]. And, certainly, the topic of Ryukyu would bring out a deliberate American containment policy against China, i.e., a 1850s policy that passed down from merchant-turned naval general Matthew Perry as well as revived in the US transfer of Diaoyutai Islands, i.e., Senkaku Gunto [Pinnacle Islands], to Okinawa of Japan in 1971. Ryukyu was first mentioned in "Bei Shi" (History of Northern Dynasties) as an island country in the East China Sea, which could be reached by sailing for five days. "Bei Shi" stated that Ryukyu was full of caves; that it had three circles of defence-purpose fences, with water flowing by the fences; that its king was named Huan-si-shi, with a first name of Ke-ci-dou and 16 palace rooms decorated with inscriptions of animals; that their people were in constant fights with each other; that various villages were ruled by a chief called Niao-lian-shuai; that it had 4-5 marshals in charge of various caves; and that they were cannibals eating dead bodies of enemies and family members. Historical Confusion As To Name & Location Of "liu-qiu" [Ryukyu] "Bei Shi" and "Sui Shu" (History of Sui Dynasty AD 581-618) recorded that coastal Chinese people often noticed smoke or mist rising in the East China Sea during spring and autumn time periods of the year and that Sui Emperor Yangdi confirmed the existence of Ryukyu via the Japanese emissary. In 3rd year of Daye Era, i.e., AD 607, Emperor Yangdi dispatched Zhu Kuan [i.e., "yu qi wei"] and Heh Man [i.e., sea master] to Ryukyu. Yangdi sent the delegation to Ryukyu in the hope of having the Ryukyu king submit to China as a vassal. Sui Chinese failed to communicate with Ryukyu people and abducted one aboriginal home. The next year, i.e., AD 608, Emperor Yangdi dispatched Zhu Kuan to Ryukyu for pacification again. Natives refused. Zhu Kuan grabbed some cloth and shields for the emperor. Zhu Kuan requested for an expedition to punish the Ryukyu king. Back in AD 607, Wa Japanese King Duo-li-si-bi-gu sent an emissary to Sui China, stating that they had heard that the new 'buddha' emperor west of the sea had revived buddhism and they would like to have a dozen monks study Buddhism in China. Emperor Yangdi at first refused to hear about the Wa State (Japan) because the Japanese king wrote the sentence "The Son of Heaven from the sunrise wish good health for the Son of Heaven at the sunset...." However, Emperor Yangdi sent an emissary, Pei Shiqing, to the Wa State the second year, i.e., AD 608. Pei Shiqing crossed the sea to Paekche, arrived at Zhu-dao (bamboo island) Island, watched Dan-luo-guo statelet to the south, passed through Du-si-ma-guo statelet, crossed sea again to Yi-zhi-guo statelet, arrived at Zhu-si-guo statelet, went eatward to Qin-wang-guo (Qin King Country which was commented to be similar to Chinese) statelet, travlled through another dozen countries to reach the coast of Wa Japan. Pei Shiqing recorded that the domain east of Zhu-si-guo belonged to the vassalage of Wa Japan. Wa King welcomed Pei Shiqing with over one hundred people, displaying ceremonial courtesy and beating the drums and horns. Within the next ten days, Wa King dispatched 200 cavalry to fetch Pei Shiqing at the outskirts of the capital. After arriving at the capital, Pei Shiqing and Wa King exchanged gifts and tributes. The Japanese asked another emissary to accompany Fei Qing back to China. It was from the mouth of this Japanese emissary that Emperor Yangdi confirmed the existence of Ryukyu, an island to the southwest of Japan. Japanese emissary claimed that the cloth and shields that Zhu Kuan had grabbed from Ryukyu were from the 'Yi-ye-jiu' statelet. Sui Emperor dispatched Chen Leng and Zhang Zhenzhou to Ryukyu, and the two, departing from Yi'an, first sailed to Gaohua-yu Island, then after two more days, sailed to Xi-bie-yu [?] island in between, and then one more day later, reached Ryukyu. Among General Chen Leng's recruits from southern Chinese would be a so-called "Kunlun" [i.e., possibly balck-skinned natives from Southeast Asia who used to perform stunts and magic for Tang Dynasty court]. The "Kunlun" interpreter failed to subdue Ryukyu by pursuasion. Chen Leng killed the Ryukyu king (Er'chidou), burnt down the palace, captured thousands of Ryukyu people, and brought them back to China. Apparently, Chronicles from Sui Dynasty onward had possibly adopted the categorical term of "liu-qiu" [Ryukyu] for all islands in the seas, to the southeast of the Chinese coastline. Both "Sui Shu" and Zhao Rushi's AD 1225 book "Zhu [various] Fan [foreign countries] Zhi [records]" mentioned that "liu-qiu" [Ryukyu] was 5-6 days trip to the east of Quanzhou of Fujian Prov, while Penghu Islands (Pescadores) and Taiwan are in fact situated to the exact southeast of Quanzhou. In contrast, "Taiwan, an island beyond Penghu Islands (Pescadores), could be reached after two days and nights of sailing if departing from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou of Fujian Prov per Heh Kai's proposal to Ming Emperor Chongzhen in AD 1635. Note that from Fuzhou port to Jilong, sailing would take 5 'geng', with 10 'geng' being equivalent to 24 hours. It is clear to me that the Ryulyu Island referred in Sui records meant for Okinawa, while the two stopover island happened to be Diaoyutai Islands, i.e., Senkaku Gunto [Pinnacle Islands]. Details about Ryukyu's midway role between China and Japan could be seen at "Japanese Piracy, Shogunate Tallies, Korea & Taiwan Island". "Ming Shi" lumped together about one dozen island countries or statelets, including Liu-qiu [Ryukyu], Luu-song [Luzon], He-mao-li, Mei-luo-ju [Malacca?], Sha-ya-na-bi-tan, Ji-long [Keelung, i.e., Taiwan], [Wenlai, i.e., Brunei], Ma-ye-weng, Gu-ma-la-lang, Feng-jia-shi-lan, and Wen-lang-ma-shen. Here, the distinction was made between Liu-qiu [Ryukyu] and Ji-long [Keelung, i.e., Taiwan]. "Ming Shi" stated that Mongol Yuan Emperor Shizu [i.e., Khubilai] had tried to pacify Ryukyu but the emissary failed to deliver the message. (See Taiwan section for details.) Ming Dynasty Establishing Suzerainty Over Ryukyu By the time Ming Dynasty's Emperor Hongwu overthrew Yuan, Liu-qiu [Ryukyu] was said to have possessed three kings entitled "middle of the mountain" ['i.e., zhong-shan], "south of mountain" [i.e., shan-nan], and "north of mountain" [i.e., shan-bei]. The three kings bore the surname of "Shang". The three kingdom story of 14th century sounds the same as the status quo of Ryukyu at the time of Japan invasion in late 19th century when USA offered to intervene by dividing Ryukyu [Okinawa] into three parts, with Japan and Manchu China in control of the "south of mountain" Ryukyu and "north of mountain" Ryukyu, respectively. In Jan of AD 1372, Ming Emperor Hongwu dispatched Yang Zai to Liu-qiu [Ryukyu]. Liu-qiu [Ryukyu] King Cha-du sent over his brother Tai-qi with tributes. Emperor conferred "da [grand] tong [unification] li [calendar]" and silk clothing. In the winter of 1374, Tai-qi came to Ming court again. Emperor asked minister Li Hao offer cloth, 10000 pieces of pottery, and 1000 iron works. In summer of AD 1376, Tai-qi came back with Li Hao, and was offered 40 horses. The next year, Ryukyu sent in 1000 grams of sulphur, i.e., Ryulyu's most famous native product. (Sulphur, pronounced "liu huang [yellow]" in Chinese, could possibly be the source of the name for Ryukyu.) The next year, King "south of mountain" sent emissary to China with tributes, too. In spring of 1382, King "middle of the mountain" sent emissary, and Ming court escorted him back. The next year, the two kings asked for silver seal with gold embedding. Knowing that the two kings were fighting King "north of mountain", Emperor Hongwu ordered a ceasefire. Then the 3rd king dispatched emissary to China with the two other kings' delegation. In 1385, King "north of mountain" was given silver seal. Two kings were granted a boat each. In AD 1390, emissary of King "middle of the mountain" was caught with smuggled goods of 10 grams of spice and 300 grams of peper. Once goods were confiscated at the capital, paper currency was given as compensation. In summer of 1392, King "middle of the mountain" sent prince and a general's son to the capital for attending Confucian Academy [i.e., "guo zi jian"]. Emperor offered both summer clothing and winter clothing. The next year, another general's son was sent to the capital. In spring of 1396, succeeding King "north of mountain" sent emissary to China. Emperor asked students from "south of mountain" of Liu-qiu [Ryukyu] return to their country, but the students returned to China in the winter. King "middle of the mountain" sent over female students. King "middle of the mountain" requested for conferral of Ming court costumes. Emperor dispatched 36 households of Fujian Prov artizans who were good at building ships. Emperor Huidi and Emperor Chengzu continued the relations with Liu-qiu [Ryukyu]. TO BE CONTINUED !!! TO BE CONTINUED !!!!! written by Ah Xiang |
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Li Hongzhang's Poem After 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
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ECON 101: US Interest Rate Down = China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)