ECON 101:
US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
JIN (JINN) DYNASTYJin (Jinn) Dynasty could be compared with the Roman Empire. In the Dark Age in Europe, Roman Empire experienced incessant waves of invasions by barbarians like the Alamanni, the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks, the Gepids, the Goths, the Lombards and the Vandals as well as the Huns and the Avars. It would be the so-called Huns who would be responsible for pushing the Germanic Ostrogoths and Visigoths in late 4th century. The Huns drove the Visigoths across the Danube into the Roman Empire and caused the chain reaction that led to the defeat of the Roman army under the Emperor Valens at Adrianople in 378 AD. In China, the Hunnic-Xianbei rebellions against Jinn Chinese led to the turmoils in northern China called 'Sixteen Nations' or 'Five Nomadic Groups Ravaging China'. Jinn China would be divided into two periods, Western Jinn Dynasty (AD 265-317) and Eastern Jinn (AD 317-420), with the latter ruling southern China, only. Here, I deliberately spelled Jin(4) into Jinn for sake of distinction from Jurchen Jin(1). Jin(4) is spelled Tsin in Wade-Giles. The Hunnic-Xianbei rebellions were the result of internal turmoils among Jinn Chinese princes. The late Jinn China period was known as the 'Turmoils of Eight Horses' or 'Turmoils of Eight Kings' (Ba Wang Zhi Luan) because the eight Jinn princes were named Sima, carrying the last character 'ma' (meaning 'horse'). From AD 291 onwards, under the instigations of empresses, Jinn Court underwent numerous coups. The Sima princes started their wars as a result of the manipulation by Empress Jia who was married to the retarded son of Jinn Emperor Wudi. When Sima princes almost finished off each other, a border general at today's Beijing, Wang Jun, would collude with Xianbei in the attempt of fighting Jinn Court. Liu Yuan, a Hun hostage at Jinn Court, would be released for organizing anti-Xianbei forces among the Southern Huns. Soon after that, Liu Yuan proclaimed the founding of Hunnic Han Dynasty (AD 304-329) and went on to route two Jinn capitals of Luoyang and Xi'an, respectively. In AD 308, Liu Yuan captured Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jinn Dynasty, and caught the emperor. In AD 316, he routed the new Jinn emperor in Chang'an (present Xi'an). The Western Jinn Dynasty lasted fifty-one years with four emperors on the throne. China endured disunity for 272 years thereafter. A Jinn prince, Sima Rui, had earlier crossed the Yangtze River, and he proclaimed Jinn Chinese Court in Nanking in AD 317, i.e., Eastern Jinn Dynasty. In northern China, the time period called 16 Nations (AD 304-420) would be started already. Chinese chronology set the year of AD 304 as the start of this period. Cheng Han (AD 301-347) of Di(1) nomadic nature already took over Sichuan Province by AD 301. 16 Nations (AD 304-420) were comprised of various nomadic groups of people, Huns, Jiehu, Xianbei (including Wuhuan & Toba), Qiang, & Di. A Jiehu nomad under Hunnic Han (alternativel named Zhao) Dynasty would set up Posterior Zhao Dynasty. Ran Min, the adopted son of Shi Le, would kill all Jiehu and set up a Wei Dynasty, alternatively called Ran Wei. Some Chinese general on the Silk Road would set up Anterior Liang (AD 317-376). A Xianbei by the name of Murong Jun would rebel against Ran Min's Ran Wei, caught Ran Min, and set up Anterior Yan (AD 337-370). Murong Jun's brother, Murong Chui, would defeat the northern expedition led by Eastern Jinn China's Heng Wen, but Murong Chui was not trusted by the nephew emperor. Hence, Murong Chui fled to Fu Jian's Di (1) nomads. Fu Jian, whose ancestor served under Jiehu, would defeat Anterior Yan and set up Anterior Qin (AD 351-394). After the fall of Di's Anterior Qin, Xianbei re-established Posterior Yan (AD 384-409) and Qiangs set up Posterior Qin (AD 384-417). Among Western Xianbei, Qifu would set up Western Qin (AD 385-431), and Tufa would set up Southern Liang (AD 397-414). Numerous statlets, like Posterior Liang, Northern Liang, Southern Yan, Western Liang, Hunnic Xia and Northern Yan would follow. Ultimately, the Tobas, who were of Xianbei heritage, took over northern China and assumed power in northern China after defeating Xianbei, and Huns. Toba would set up their Toba Wei or Northern Wei Dynasty, lasting through AD 386-534, till it split into Eastern Wei (AD 534-550) and Western Wei (AD 535-557). Western Jinn Dynasty Jinn Dynasty was founded by Sima family. Sima Yi was originally a clerk under Han Prime Minister Cao Cao. Cao Cao used to cite the saints in ancient times to show his loyalty for the Han emperors, but his son (Cao Pi) usurped Han Dynasty and established Wei Dynasty, leading to the Three Kingdoms time period. Sima Yi would be responsible for fighting the wars with Shu-Han Dynasty and Wu Dynasty on behalf of Wei Dynasty for dozens of years. Sima Yi's elder son, Sima Shi, would depose Wei Emperor Cao Fang (reign AD 240-254). Sima Yi's junior son, Sima Zhao, would authorize his people (Jia Chong) in killing Wei Emperor Cao Mao (reign AD 254-260). Sima Zhao selected fifteen year old Cao Huan as the new Wei Emperor. Then, Sima Zhao dispatched General Zhong Hui and Deng Ai on a campaign against Shu Han Dynasty and destroyed Shu Han in AD 263. Last Shu Han emperor was made into Duke of Anle (happiness). Hence, Sima Zhao was conferred the title of Duke of Jinn and the post as 'xiangguo', i.e., chief counsellor or prime minister. Shortly after that, Sima Zhao died, and his son, Sima Yan, succeeded him, and further pressured Cao Huan into abdication. Sima Yan declared his Jinn Dynasty in AD 265, with Luoyang as the capital city. Sima Yan would be titled Jinn Emepror Wudi posthumously. Eighty year old Sima Fu, the brother of Sima Yi, would retire as a loyal minister of Wei Dynasty. Sima Yan, thinking that Wei was usurped by him as a result of lack of royal family kings and dukes, would confer eight kingships to his kinsmen while all ex-kings of Wei Dynasty were downgraded into marquis. Sima Yan also conferred the title of Duke of Lugong on Jia Chong for his contribution to usurpation. In AD 267, under the influence of Empress Yang and Jia Chong, Sima Yan (Emperor Jin Wudi) made his retarded son as the Crown Prince. In AD 271, Tufa Xianbei first rebelled against Jinn China. In AD 272, Jia Chong's daughter was married over to the retarded Jinn Crown Prince. In AD 280, A Jinn General would lead a column of ships down the Yangtze River and overthrow Wu Dynasty. China was finally reunited again. Eastern Jinn Dynasty TO BE CONTINUED ! Written by Ah Xiang |
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Li Hongzhang's Poem After 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
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ECON 101: US Interest Rate Down = China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)