ECON 101:
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
KOREAN & VIETNAMESE WARS
1945-1949 Civil War Korean War: 6/25/1950 - 7/27/1953
As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in. Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950. To know what happened to the priority of Korean communist attacks on South Korea and Chinese communist attacks at Taiwan, one would still need to go back to the Comintern [Russian] conspiracy as well as Communist takeover of the United States government [i.e., a fact that the US is just ashamed of acknowledging]. Historian Shen Yunlong had a writing on Taiwan's sabotage of a Russian telegraph set in Taipei months before the Korean War eruption. Taiwan government, after capturing the two agents, deliberately maintained the wireless connection with Chita Republic of Soviet Far East, continuously broadcasting disinformation, and faking news about the activities of non-existent American planes and American warships in Taiwan. Stalin, bedazzled by the espionage reports, decided to take out the easy target, i.e., South Korea. Further corroboration of Stalin's decision could be found in ROC Ambassador Shao Yulin's Memoirs, in which he detailed the defection of a South Korean government official, who had visited Stalin with a claim that about 200,000 underground Korean communists were ready to echo the communist invasion from the north. The difference between Taiwan and South Korea is that Chiang Kai-shek immediately sealed off the coastline of Taiwan while South Korea and North Korea had uninterrupted traffic prior to the war eruption. Ambassador Shao Yulin, who had engaged himself in the Korean restoration movement since college days in Tokyo, had played an important role in advising Chiang Kai-shek on the abandonment of Zhoushan [Chushan] Island for sake of making South Korea the protruding point of the Asian curvature. Chiang Kai-shek's two separate visits to the Philippines and South Korea had exerted pressure on Stalin, Mao Tse-tung & Kim Il-sung as far as an anti-communism Asian alliance was concerned. Why Mao Tse-tung wanted to aid North Korea? Obligations and secret treaty. China and North Korea signed a secret treaty in spring of 1949 about mutual aid. During China's 1945-1950 civil wars, Russians sorted out two Korean-ethnic divisions from 560k Japanese Kwantung Army for the civil war against Nationalist Government, not to include 30,000 Japanese cannons soldiers as well as doctors and nurses, plus Mongol cavalry. (As Freda Utley pointed out, "in March 1947, Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, a U.S. commander in North Korea, stated that Chinese Communist troops were participating in the training of a Korean army of 500,000 in Russian-held North Korea. The Chinese Central News Agency stated in June [1947] that more than 100,000 Russian-trained Koreans plus a cavalry division from Outer Mongolia were in action against the Chinese Nationalist forces".) So, in 1949-1950, Mao sorted out 60-70,000 Korean ethnic PLA soldiers and dispatched to Korea at the request of Kim Il Sung. (Only two Koreans, who were cadets of Whampoa Academy, followed the CCP Long March to Yenan, with one surviving the later wars to go back to North Korea. The hundreds of CCP-controlled Koreans came from the steering-away of a portion of Korean Restoration Army that were trained by the Chinese nationalists at the war-time capital Chungking, but were steered away to the communists possibly under a scheme of American OSS which was hijacked by Russian spies.) Historians still debated whether Chinese communists knew in advance about Kim Il Sung's move. It was a dispute between Russians and Chinese after Stalin's death, with Russians claiming that Chinese knew about it but Chinese communists denied being a part of it. After Russian declassification of archives, historians continued to look for clues. It is clear that Stalin, Mao Tse-tung and Kim Il Sung all agreed upon one thing, i.e., expanding communism by taking out South Korea and Taiwan [and Vietnam]. The only disagreement was the priority, i.e., Taiwan first or South Korea first. When North Korean-ethnic divisions were shipped out, Mao Tse-tung was already an accomplice. What Stalin, Mao Tse-tung and Kim Il Sung did not anticipate was that South Korean remnant army, led by a Korean general who was the former chief of staff of Chinese Youth Army in Republic of China, had sustained the dozens of days in defense, just long enough to be reinforced by McArthur's relief army. Chinese communist armies, which had already concentrated on the Zhejiang-Fujian coastline, had to relocate to Korea thereafter. Altogether 3 million PLA troops had rotated their duties in North Korea as a coverup for the war casualties. My father, at age a bit over 14 at the time, was almost conscripted. China spent 5-10 years of GDP worthy of money in supporting the war in North Korea. Possibly 700k to 1 million soldiers died. It was a complete disaster for mainland China but life-saving for Taiwan. After the truce in 1953, hundreds of thousands of soldiers, including the brother of my mother's, did FREE coolie work for North Korea till recall in 1958. Out of the expatriated army, 100,000 Chinese officers were expatriated to Manchurian-Ussuri border for military farming, where my father was sent as a mechanical technician. Korea After Japanese Surrender Right after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, two young officers under Truman, i.e., Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from USSR. Seeing that Russians poured into Manchuria after midnight of Aug 9th and pushed toward South Korea with four divisions, American military and navy, which were less infiltrated by Russian agents, wanted a bargain on the 38th parallel with Russians for fear that its troops in Okinawa would not have time to race to Korea. Russians took over Xiongji & Luojin on Aug 12th, and Pyongyang on Aug 24th. Americans did not bother to land in Inchon & Fushan of Korea till after signing the Japan surrender paper on Missouri on Sept 2nd. Russians, with full acquiesce, pulled back from Inchon & Kaesong (Kaicheng). McArthur, on Sept 7th, issued the order to the Koreans as an occupation commander-in-chief. China immediately announced the recognition of interim Korean government headed by Jin Jiu. Americans raised a protest. Owning to American objection to Jin Jiu, TV Soong (Song Ziwen) suggested the second option, i.e., dispatching Jin Jiu back to Korea as an individual. On Sept 17th, Chiang Kai-shek offered interim Korean government 100 million "legalized currency" as well as 200,000 US dollars. Americans then claimed that Jin Jiu was welcome back in Korea only in the name of an "individual". US State Department, already hijacked by Comintern agents, intended to make a leftist-leaning Korean, Jin Kuizhi, into a leader. However, an American officer, who privately supported Syngman Rhee's exile activity in the US, stealthily circumvented the US State Department and the US occupation commander in sending Syngman Rhee to South Korea. (Jin Jiu and his comrades, first shipped to Shanghai by Chiang Kai-shek via two ROC transporters on Nov 5th 1945, then took ride of American planes for south Korea on Nov 12-13th. Jin Jiu failed to run his interim government; and on June 26th 1949, he was assassinated by an military police officer under Syngman Rhee. Over 100,000 Koreans attended Jin Jiu's mourning.) In Dec 1945, China, US, Britain and the USSR failed to reach consensus in regards to 'trustee' status for Korea. Back in Nov, Russians proposed to Americans a mutual withdrawal from Korea. American State Department as well as the army [which was controlled by undercover Comintern agents disguised as "political advisers"] already decided on the path of abandoning South Korea to the Russians. United Nations passed an act in regards to Korean independence in Nov 1947. In March 1948, North Korea's Labor Party expressed opposition to unilateral election in the south. Americans launched an election for the "National Parliament" on July 12th 1948. On Aug 15th 1948, US returnee Syngman Rhee was elected president of the Republic of Korea. On Aug 25th, Kim Il Sung held his "Supreme People's Assembly". Syngman Rhee, for his insubordination to American "political advisers" and occupation commander, was already targeted for assassination - which only fell off with the outbreak of the Korean War. In the following month, North Korea declared the founding of the People's Democratic Republic. Kim assumed the "prime minister" post on Sept 8th. People's Democratic Republic of Korea was declared the next day. President Harry Truman, resentful over purported Republic of China's support of his political enemy Thomas Dewey, declared a defense curvature excluding Korea & Taiwan in Jan 1950. (Chiang Kai-shek, throughout the Korean War, attempted to explain to Truman that ROC never meddled into American domestic politics. Indeed, first recorded incident would be in 1954, not in 1940s.) In Feb, Mao & Stalin signed an alliance treaty, with an understanding that USSR would supply weaponry for 20 divisions should China be required to aid North Korea in its war of 'liberation' against South Korea. At the request of Kim Il Sung, Mao sorted out 60-70,000 Korean ethnic PLA soldiers and dispatched to Korea in April-May 1950. More troops were sent to North Korea by Mao in Oct 1950, prior to open conflict between China and the UN forces. Outbreak Of The Korean War On June 26th 1950, at about 4:00 am, Kim Il Sung, with the backing from Joseph Stalin and Mao Tse-tung, launched a sudden offensive at South Korea. North Korean army of 223,000 soldiers were headed by Choo Yong Gum. Korean War, lasting 3 years and 42 days, led to a total casualty of 2,171,875 people, with death toll on the Chinese side no less than 700,000 to one million. The consequence of Korean War would be the ensuing Cold War between the camps of socialism and capitalism in the international arena, the isolation of China economically and diplomatically, the one-sidedness of Chinese communist party, and CCP's schizophrenia in launching various political movements and persecution against whoever had US or KMT connection or implication in the domestic arena. Chinese communists linked up "elimination of reactionaries" and "land reform" to the "Korean War" via citation of a trinity movement. UN Security Council passed Resolution 82 demanding North Korea's immediate withdrawal. Immediately thereafter, President Truman dispatched 7th Fleet into Taiwan Straits, nominally for neutralizing the CCP-KMT conflict but ostensibly for assuring the Chinese Communists that they had no worry about a "Second Battlefield" other than the Korean War. On 27th, Resolution 83 passed with stronger-toned warning against North Korea. On 28th, Zhou Enlai, i.e., premier of communist China, claimed that China would not stand by in regards to US invasion of Korea. On 30th, American Congress authorized Truman in taking actions against North Korean aggression. On July 7th, Resolution 84 endorsed the formation of United Nations Army to be commanded by Douglas MacArthur, with 16 countries contributing a total force of 39,000. USSR representative was deliberately absent for the UN Security Council voting so as to make it a matter-of-fact that US and China end up beating up each other. The Russian pretext was that its ambassador, Yakov Aleksandrovich Malik, exited the UN in protest of UN Security Council's putting off the membership petition for the Communist China to replace the Nationalist China. In China, Zhou Enlai was authorized in passing a resolution entitled "Decision In Regards To Safeguarding Northeastern Border". In Aug, Deng Hua, Hong Xuezhi and Han Xianchu were conferred the posts of commander and deputy commanders for Northeastern Border Patrol Army which was converted from the 13th Conglomerate of 4th Field Army of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Head count totaled about 320,000. On Sept 25th, MacArthur, against objections inside of US government, successfully landed at Inchon and thoroughly defeated North Korean army. In Sept, Lin Biao was called to Peking but he declined the job for entering Korea. Lin Biao claimed that "China already had enough after 10 years of civil wars, 8 years of resistance wars and 4 years of liberation wars". At the suggestion of Zhu De, Peng Dehuai was selected for commanding the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), a term construed by a scholar by the name of Huang Yanpei. MacArthur, however, was restrained in his military campaigns as a result of maneuvers by undercover American & British communists. Later, in retirement, McArthur commented to Shao Yulin that he was sacked by the British communists by pointing out how British diplomatic personnel admonished McArthur as to his job while having a dispute. In light of the "Cambridge Spy Ring", the Anglo-American decision-making on the Korean War was apparent from the hind sight. http://www.republicanchina.org/ShaoYulin-p283-285.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/ShaoYulin-p286-287.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/ShaoYulin-p288-289.jpg People's Volunteer Army Entering Korea Even though Truman and Eden had decided on the nature of the Korean War to be something to be fought for no achievement of victory, Chinese communists had to exert millions of troops to the "fire hell" with "human flesh". Mao sent 60%+ of 5.4 million troops to Korea, in the form of rotation and maintaining about 1.5-2 million on a constant basis. Historian Liang Jingdun estimated that 700,000 Chinese troops had perished in Korea. http://www.republicanchina.org/700k-death-toll.jpg Chinese troops number at 5.4 million in June 1950. Over half of them did not have a gun. At the time of communist victory, on Oct 1st, 1949, Chinese communists had 2 million guns vs. 5.4 million men. Even though Russians promised equipment for 60 divisions of Chinese forces, Russians only supplied 4 division equipment in 1950. The Russian weapons were outdated WWII-era stuff, with some belonging to American Lend-Lease weapons. Chinese army officers said to the barehanded soldiers: "We Chinese people's army always got our weapons from 'enemies'. Once you arrive at the front, you will have plenty of choice from weapons abandoned by the United Nations forces." (This is a joke. Russians gave Mao 800,000 rifles in the immediate months after Japanese surrender, not to mention continuous supply through 1949.) In 1954, all 60 division equipment delivered. Altogether, 66% of the 5 million Chinese army were exerted to Korea, as well as 62% of cannons troops and 70% of tank force and airforce. During the three year war, twenty five army groups, 70 cannons division, three tank divisions, 12 airforce divisions, 10 railway corps divisions, and 15 engineering divisions were sent to Korea. The fate of Chinese soldiers in North Korea was like two thirds dying from lack of clothing, medicine and food - only one third death related to battles. With cooked flour, they were almost all night-blind, and often died travelling at nights - the only way to move around under American air attacks. E.g., by Jan 51, the original Army Group were replenished by 40,000 soldiers, with 30,000 NEW recruits and 10,000 former soldiers. Within 15 days of the First Campaign, China lost 40% of 1000 trucks. Hong Xuezhi said, 40% of supplies were destroyed by American airforce. http://www.republicanchina.org/KoreaWar-GaoWenjun-p119.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/KoreaWar-GaoWenjun-p125.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/KoreaWar-GaoWenjun-p126.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/KoreaWar-GaoWenjun-p130-131.jpg The Korean War, by 1952, would cost China 100,000,000,000,000 or 100 trillion yuan (equiv to new currency 10,000,000,000 or 10 billion yuan), while China's 1952 fiscal revenue amounted to no more than 2,300,000,000 or 2.3 billion yuan. Hua Min cited Chen Yun in stating that KMT government net no more than 0.8 to 0.9 billion yuan, including revenues from Manchuria, prior to 1931. Mao Tse-tung, during debates with agriculturalist Liang Suming, claimed that CCP's "maximum benevolent governance" would be developing industry and fighting the Korean War instead of "small benevolent governance" such as less taxation on peasants. On the other side, Americans, who had repeatedly advised McArthur to pull back to Japan for preserving troops, threw in 73 million tons of war supplies and 83 billion dollars. McArthur signed that Truman's shortsightedness had doomed the Korean War because the North Koreans and Chinese Communists had no air cover in the initial phase of the war owing to Stalin's cowardice. Stalin did not provide air cover till 2-3 months after the Chinese Communist entry into the war. During Korea War, China lost 231 planes and 116 pilots killed; whereas, Russians sent to Korea and China 13 AIRFORCE DIVISIONS, with a deathtoll of 1500 pilots. Truman and Russian spies in White House and State Department wanted to sack McArthur right after the Korean War eruption because McArthur visited Taiwan on his own accord, and wanted help from Chiang Kai-shek. Mme Chiang Kai-shek mindlessly betrayed McArthur by writing to George Marshall about the secret agreements and promises made by McArthur. Absent Inchon landing success, McArthur was to be sacked any minute. The brilliant campaign at Inchon saved McArthur's job for the time being. Though, Russian spies in White House and State Department found another way to make it happen. They sacked defense minister Johnson, and recalled George Marshall for the transitionary time period, solely for ridding of McArthur. It was purely miscalculation by Stalin and Mao that they forfeited the chance to end the Korean War in late 1950. UK, US and dozens of countries, including India, had put on ballots several times to award the PRC with UN seat should the Chinese Communists seek for a peaceful settlement. Korean War, after McArthur's dismissal, would merely become a Chinese communist war to wrestle back the prisoners of war for "saving face". http://www.republicanchina.org/StalinMaoChiang-p527.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/StalinMaoChiang-p528.jpg http://www.republicanchina.org/StalinMaoChiang-p529.jpg McArthur visited Korea early July 1950 and devised the Inchon plan. Joint Chief of Staff, Bradley, did not respond to the plan for three weeks. When McArthur requested time and again, JCS sent two officers to Tokyo. Still, no approval. After McArthur convinced the JCS and Truman, they changed mind again one week ahead of Sept 15th. McArthur pleaded direct with Truman. Truman gave in and authorized the Inchon Landing. North Koreans ignored the warnings and predictions from Chinese that a coming Inchon landing would cut off the return path of the North Koreans. Numerous Chinese books talked about the predictions for three possible days in July, Aug and Sept of 1950, and notifications to Kim Il-sun. Why would North Koreans ignore it? The only explanation is that moles in US/UK governments had passed on Truman's abandonment order to Moscow. To wrap up Korea War, it was fought by Kim Il-sung with troops delivered by Mao in July-Aug 1949 and 48,000 troops around April 1950. It was a war fought with Stalin's auspice after Acheson declared the curvature from Aleutian to Philippines islands, excluding Korea and Taiwan. It was already an abandoned war by Truman whose repeated orders to McArthur were passed on to Moscow and Pyongyang, the result of which was that North Koreans ignored the Inchon landing possibility altogether. In Nov 1950, JCS and National Security Council devised the policy of "limited war". Truman and British held a meeting about the same. JCS gave an order to McArthur of "fighting and retreating" towards Jinjiangkou rivermouth, and then to Japan. Back and forth, JCS ordered McArthur to retreat to Japan so that no further loss in manpower and materials were to be incurred. In Jan 1951, Truman further in a personal letter, asked McArthur to withdraw to Japan. The war should have ended in June 1951 when Russians first proposed peace. In 1952, Larry Wu-tai Chin, i.e., the top CCP mole inside of US and CIA since 1940s, visited the Korean battleground as US faciliator and interpretator in relations with Chinese prisoners of war. It was said that Larry Wu-tai Chin disclosed the status of anti-communism prisoners of war to China, an event that had prolonged the Korean war till 1953. The war went on for two more years because Chinese communists wanted the prisoners completely repatriated to China; but Truman, for sake of American election, decided to go against the US Army by adopting the Geneva Convention of repatriation on voluntary basis - which was the inverse of what US did to Russian exiles and nationals residing in Germany and Eastern Europe at the time of German surrender. Five Korean Campaigns Chinese Prisoners of War In North Korea Gao Wenjun, a KMT Whampoa 23rd Session cadet who was sold out by academy principal to PLA together with 3000 classmates and later was forced into service in PVA in North Korea, recalled his war experiences and his unrelenting struggles for the right to be repatriated to Taiwan in "Recollections Of Korean War" (Shengzhi Culture Enterprise Publishing House, http://www.ycrc.com.tw, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2000). Out of 21,000 prisoners of war behind barbed wire in Korea, altogether around 15,000 chose to go to Taiwan. Further, over 73% of those soldiers caught by United Nations army, including Gao Wenjun and Wang Shunling, had voluntarily sought for defection by crossing the frontline with "Safe Conduct Pass" in their hands. In Taiwan, 14,343 "anti-communist heroes" received warm welcome and later Gao Wenjun took part in a worldwide tour to propagate their aspiration for freedom during the years of custody in Korea. 
Vietnamese War The Vietnamese War started right after the Japanese surrender in Aug 1945. Similar to the Korean War, ethnic-Chinese generals had fought the war against the Vietnamese communists backed by the Chinese communists. Vietnamese communists, who had wide-range cooperation with American OSS [penetrated by Comintern agents] during the WWII, were commented by the US State Department to have the least trace of contacts with Moscow among all Southeast Asian communists. Superficially, American policy towards Vietnam was to prevent the French from re-asserting the colonial rule over Vietnam. Fundamentally, the undercover Russian agents inside of the US State Department hijacked the American foreign policy to lend support to the Communist movement in Vietnam. TO BE CONTINUED !
TO BE CONTINUED !
1945-1949 Civil War Written by Ah Xiang Last Modified: Monday, 07-Jan-2008 23:01:26 EST |
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Li Hongzhang's Poem After 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
