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22-17th c. BC
1
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3
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1949-present |
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Escape from
Hengyang by
Qiong Yao
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Ping-Jin Campaign
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, & White Terror vs Red Terror:
1) World War II, in both the East and the West, were the inducements of the British, American[, and French] interest groups and syndicates. First the Locarno Treaty in 1920s. Then in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Thereafter the Munich Agreement. For what? Britain and America wanted Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, and wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist movement and counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the Anglo-American. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union.
Half a year before Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with the USSR to halve China, as evidenced by Dec 1940 negotiations between Wang Ching-wei and Japan.
(More available at "Changing Alliances On International Arena", "Century-long American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese", "Joe Stilwell's Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution".)
2) Stalin was the evil genius of 20th century. Stalin, after the 1929 war against Zhang Xueliang over Chinese-Eastern Railway [which erupted over Russian and Chinese communist agitations in sabotaging Japan's attempt at building five additional railways in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia], quickly divested himself of the railway after Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th, 1931. After initially calling on world communists to militarily defend the Soviet Union from 1931 to 1933, Stalin subsequently designed the united front in 1935, and ultimately in the time period of 1936-1937 successfully lit the fuse of the Sino-Japanese War by means of repeated GRU operations in northern China. To thwart Anglo-American attempts to use Japan against USSR, Stalin hijacked the American government policies by utilizing agents, saboteurs, provocateurs and sympathizers from the Institute of Pacific Relations. "16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee."
John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore, i.e., two "Old China Hands" repeatedly cited by Chi-com for substantiation of the cause and success of the Chinese communist revolution, had merely been conscious and subconscious Russian and/or Chicom tools in the same limelight. (Most of the Comintern spies of European and American background had been recruited during their stay in China during the turbulent 1920s. Lattimore's belief and orientation should have been shaped during his early years in Peking in 1920s. Fairbank, who had done everything Agnes Smedley had asked him to do other than putting his name on the GRU roster, was a member of the Chinese League for the Protection of Civil Rights in late 1932 and early 1933, and further rafted with Comintern agent Harold Isaacs in 1934 before the latter turned to the Trotskyite path. Working directly under Lattimore would be two Chicom spies called Chi Chao-ting and Chen Han-sheng who helped designed America's China policies.)
3) It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China.
No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times.
In another word, Japanese never realized that they had been brought up and used as a tool against China since Matthew Perry's timeframe. A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. As Paul Reinsch and Arthur Young repeatedly said, the United States of America could have done just a little to help China, but chose to do nothing during WWI other than a Lansing-Ishii Agreement [which was to acknowledge that Japan had special interests (in the Chinese areas specified by the secret memorandum)], chose to do lip service during Wu Peifu's reign while Russians equipped Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yat-sen's military factions with free guns, chose to do nothing after making sure China was to stay in the Second World War by merely granting the currency stabilization loan in 1940, and chose to use the Lend-Lease coersion to force China into throwing crack troops at northern Burma just prior to Japanese Ichigo Campaign in 1944.
4) There is no truth in Stalin and Truman racing against each other as suggested by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. While Truman was blindfolded as to the making of the Atomic Bomb, the Russians had been receiving ships of uranium ore throughout the war, which was to make sure that the United States was not to become the nuclear monopoly. Stalin's American proxies already had Truman agree to the terms reached by Roosevelt at Yalta. United States had utterly no preparation for racing its army to Japan or Korea. "It was after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, that two young officers under Truman, i.e., Rusk & Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from USSR. Americans bargained with Russians as to the 38th parallel for fear that its military in Okinawa would not have time to race to Korea. Russians took over Xiongji & Luojin of Korea on Aug 12th, and Pyongyang on Aug 24th. Americans did not bother to land in Inchon & Fushan of Korea till after signing the Japan surrender paper on Missouri on Sept 2nd. Russians, with full acquiesce, pulled back from Inchon & Kaicheng.
5) Japan already explored with Russians for surrender. But the Russians refused them. Otherwise, what's the need to enter Manchuria and Korea? Since Russians were eager to invade Manchuria & Korea, Japan had to turn around to request with Sweden for relaying a message of surrender.
Japan was in self-denial over the prospect of Russian entry into war. Intelligence already poured into Japan as to Russian complicity in Yalta Agreement. Back on June 9th 1945, Truman officially told TV Soong (Song Ziwen) that he was to honour the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Chinese were busy repairing the damages. Japan knew about it. Japan sent secret negotiators to Chiang Kai-shek multiple times in July-August of 1945 for peace talks. Looking in hind sight, China, separately, should have struck a partial peace with Japan to ward off the Russians.
6) Though, Japanese emperor played a trick in surrender. He signed a "truce" order to his army and listing Britain, American and China and etc, but when he made the announcement on radio, he changed China to Chungking [Chongqing] the Chinese interim capital. We know Japanese have a problem with saving face. But the truth is known no matter how the professor wanted to discount the atomic bombs and gave weight to the Russian entry into the war. Professor Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, who skipped the name of China in his book title and ignored the death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China, should spend more time researching into the fate of more than half of the 500-600,000 Kwantung Army that had perished in Russian Siberia.
(Russians sorted out from Japanese Kwantung Army at least 30,000 Japanese cannons and medical staff and no less than two full Korean-ethnic Divisions for deployment by Chinese communists in the 1945-1946 civil war against the Nationalist Government, not to count
the Outer Mongolian Cavalry and 100,000 fully-trained Korean mercenaries sent to China in 1947, with about 60,000-70,000 remnants shipped back to Korea prior to the Korean War of June 1950.)
7)
Stalin and Russians were behind each step of Mao in making sure that no peace could have a chance from the day of Japan surrender. Cumulatively, Russians acknowledged in 1970s that they had given the Chinese communists 700,000 guns, with North Korea's arsenals open for free pickup during the Chinese civil wars. (On the 1947 anniversary date of the Russian Revolution, Russians already disclosed that they had given Chinese communists massive military aid - which the Americans refused to acknowledge.) At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no string attached.
Stalin understood that the generation of brave Chinese during first part of 20th century was the flower that China ever had in the whole history of 5000 years, a force that must be destroyed so that Russian scheme at world domination could succeed.
Didn't know the Russian cold-bloodedness? Read into Katyn Murder of 20,000+ Polish officers, and Stalin's plan to shoot 50,000 German officers- which Roosevelt echoed by lessening to 49,500.
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As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in.
Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950.
Ping-Jin Campaign
Fu Zuoyi's KMT troops, totaling 520,000, originally had plans of either evacuating from coastal Tanggu or retreating to hometown Suiyuan Province in Inner Mongolia via Ping-Sui Railway. To prevent Fu Zuoyi from slipping away, Mao Te-tung deliberately adopted an early policy of either encircling the enemy cities only or segregating parts of the cities, with a specific order that communist forces could not take out all three key points to the west, i.e., Zhangjiakou, Nankou & Xinbao'an.. Mao Tse-tung was especially worried that Fu Zuoyi would succumb to Chiang Kai-shek's request for a relocation to southern China via sea, for which The final onslaught against besieged Du Yuming army group was delayed by two weeks.
In Peiping [i.e., Peking], Nie Rongzhen's city work department of Jinn-Cha-Ji CCP Central Bureau had been working on "peaceful pacification" of Fu Zuoyi's KMT troops since The spring of 1948. CCP underground activist Liu Ren first retrieved Nankai University student Zeng Changning for sake of manoeuvring her father Zeng Yanyi who was a classmate of Fu Zuoyi at Baoding Cadet. After failing to persuade Fu Zuoyi into a defection, Zeng Yanyi managed to have their common teacher Liu Houtong lobby with Fu Zuoyi. Before Liu Houtong acted on it, another communist contact Du Renzhi, with faciliation of student Yan Youwen acting as deputy office director inside of Fu Zuoyi's headquarter, had lobbied with Fu Zuoyi in vain. Du Renzhi then contacted Liu Houtong at the suggestion of brother Du Jingzhi who worked for Fu Zuoyi as a councillor. In September, Liu Ren dispatched messenger to Liu Houtong for asking Fu Zuoyi to follow the example of Wu Hualong's defection at the siege of Jinan. After communist victory in Jinzhou on Oct 15th, Du Renzhi disputed Liu Houtong's suggestion of selling a 'coalition government' to Fu Zuoyi. On Nov 2nd, Du Renzhi promised to Liu Houtong as to communist credibility. In early Nov 1948, Shen Diqing of CCP student work committee in Peking was called over to Bozheng town by Liu Ren for the task of accompanying Fu Dongju, i.e., Fu Zuoyi's daughter, to Peking.
More available at PingJinCampaign-v0.pdf.
Written by Ah Xiang
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US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)